Summary of Renewables a Review of Sustainable Energy Supply Options
Public Interest Statement
Energy is a requirement in our everyday life as a way of improving human development leading to economical growth and productivity. The render-to-renewables will help mitigate climatic change is an excellent style but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable time to come and bequeath time to come generations to meet their energy needs. Knowledge regarding the interrelations betwixt sustainable development and renewable energy in particular is withal limited. The aim of the newspaper is to ascertain if renewable energy sources are sustainable and examine how a shift from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources would help reduce climate change and its bear upon. A qualitative research was employed past reviewing peer-reviewed papers in the area of study. This study brought to light the opportunities associated with renewable energy sources; energy security, free energy access, social and economic development and climatic change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts.
1. Introduction
The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its course cannot change. The need for free energy and its related services to satisfy man social and economic development, welfare and health is increasing. All societies call for the services of free energy to meet bones human needs such as: health, lighting, cooking, infinite comfort, mobility and communication and serve as generative processes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Securing energy supply and curbing energy contribution to climatic change are the two-over-riding challenges of energy sector on the route to a sustainable future (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2010; Kaygusuz, 2012). Information technology is overwhelming to know in today's world that 1.4 billion people lack access to electricity, while 85% of them live in rural areas. Every bit a result of this, the number of rural communities relying on the traditional employ of biomass is projected to ascension from 2.7 billion today to 2.eight billion in 2030 (Kaygusuz, 2012).
Historically, the outset recorded commercial mining of coal occurred in i,750, near Richmond, Virginia. Momentarily, coal became the most preferred fuel for steam engines due to its more energy conveying capacity than corresponding quantities of biomass-based fuels (firewood and charcoal). It is noteworthy that coal was comparatively cheaper and a much cleaner fuel equally well in the past centuries (Abbasi, Premalatha, & Abbasi, 2011). The dominance of fossil fuel-based ability generation (Coal, Oil and Gas) and an exponential increase in population for the past decades have led to a growing demand for free energy resulting in global challenges associated with a rapid growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016a). A significant climatic change has become i of the greatest challenges of the twenty-outset century. Its grave impacts may still be avoided if efforts are made to transform current energy systems. Renewable free energy sources hold the cardinal potential to displace greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel-based ability generating and thereby mitigating climate change (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
Sustainable evolution has go the eye of recent national policies, strategies and development plans of many countries. The United Nations General Assembly proposed a set up of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which included 17 goals and 169 targets at the UN in New York past the Open up Working Grouping. In add-on, a preliminary ready of 330 indicators was introduced in March 2015 (Lu, Nakicenovic, Visbeck, & Stevance, 2015). The SDGs identify greater value and demands on the scientific customs than did the Millennium Development Goals. In addressing climate change, renewable energy, food, health and water provision requires a coordinated global monitoring and modelling of many factors which are socially, economically and environmentally oriented (Hák, Janoušková, & Moldan, 2016; Owusu, Asumadu-Sarkodie, & Ameyo, 2016).
Research into alternate sources of energy dated back in the tardily 90s when the world started receiving stupor from oil produces in terms of price hiking (Abbasi et al., 2011). It is evidential in literature that replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources with renewable energy sources, which includes: bioenergy, directly solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, wind and ocean energy (tide and wave), would gradually assistance the earth attain the thought of sustainability. Governments, intergovernmental agencies, interested parties and individuals in the world today look forward to achieving a sustainable time to come due to the opportunities created in recent decades to supercede petroleum-derived materials from fossil fuel-based energy sources with alternatives in renewable energy sources. The recent launch of a set up of global SDGs is helping to brand sure that climate modify for xx-starting time century and its impacts are combated, and a sustainable future is ensured and made as a heritance for future generations (Edenhofer et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2015).
Against this properties, the study seeks to examine the potentials and trends of sustainable development with renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation, the extent to which it can assist and the potential challenges it poses and how a shift from fossil to renewable free energy sources is a sure way of mitigating climate change. To attain this objective, concepts, techniques and peer-reviewed journals are analysed and reviewed judiciously.
The residuum of the paper is sectioned into five: Section 2 discusses renewable energy sources and sustainability and climate change, Section three elaborates on the diverse renewable energy sources and technologies, Section four elaborates on the renewable energy sources and sustainable evolution, Department 5 elaborates on challenges affecting renewable free energy sources and policy recommendations and Department 6 concludes the study.
ii. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
Renewable free energy sources furnish themselves naturally without existence depleted in the earth; they include bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar energy, air current energy and bounding main (tide and moving ridge) energy. The chief renewable energy forms and their uses are presented in Tabular array 1.
Table 1. Renewable energy sources and their use (Panwar et al., 2011)
Tester (2005) defines sustainable energy as, "a dynamic harmony between the equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and services to all people and preservation of the earth for future generations".
The world'southward growing free energy demand, aslope increasing population led to the continual use of fossil fuel-based free energy sources (Coal, Oil and Gas) which became problematic past creating several challenges such as: depletion of fossil fuel reserves, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental concerns, geopolitical and military conflicts, and the continual fuel price fluctuations. These problems will create unsustainable situations which will eventually result in potentially irreversible threat to human societies (UNFCC, 2015). Notwithstanding, renewable energy sources are the nigh outstanding alternative and the but solution to the growing challenges (Tiwari & Mishra, 2011). In 2012, renewable energy sources supplied 22% of the total earth energy generation (U.South. Energy Information Administration, 2012) which was not possible a decade ago.
Reliable energy supply is essential in all economies for heating, lighting, industrial equipment, send, etc. (International Free energy Agency, 2014). Renewable energy supplies reduce the emission of greenhouse gases significantly if replaced with fossil fuels. Since renewable free energy supplies are obtained naturally from ongoing flows of free energy in our surroundings, it should be sustainable. For renewable energy to be sustainable, it must be limitless and provide non-harmful delivery of ecology goods and services. For instance, a sustainable biofuel should not increase the net CO₂ emissions, should not unfavourably affect nutrient security, nor threaten biodiversity (Twidell & Weir, 2015). Is that really what is happening today? I guess non.
In spite of the outstanding advantages of renewable free energy sources, certain shortcoming exists such as: the discontinuity of generation due to seasonal variations as almost renewable energy resources are climate-dependent, that is why its exploitation requires circuitous design, planning and control optimization methods. Fortunately, the continuous technological advances in estimator hardware and software are permitting scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties using computational resources applicable to the renewable and sustainable energy field (Baños et al., 2011).
2.1. Renewable energy and climate change
Presently, the term "climate change" is of great involvement to the earth at large, scientific as well equally political discussions. Climate has been changing since the beginning of cosmos, but what is alarming is the speed of change in recent years and it may exist one of the threats facing the earth. The growth charge per unit of carbon dioxide has increased over the past 36 years (1979–2014) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016c, 2016f), "averaging about 1.four ppm per year before 1995 and 2.0 ppm per year thereafter" (Globe System Research Laboratory, 2015). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change defines climate change as existence attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the composition of the global temper and which in plow exhibits variability in natural climate observed over comparable fourth dimension periods (Fräss-Ehrfeld, 2009).
For more than a decade, the objective of keeping global warming below 2 °C has been a key focus of international climate debate (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Rufangura, Jayaweera, & Owusu, 2015; Rogelj, McCollum, Reisinger, Meinshausen, & Riahi, 2013). Since 1850, the global utilize of fossil fuels has increased to boss energy supply, leading to a rapid growth in carbon dioxide emissions. Information past the end of 2010 confirmed that consumption of fossil fuels deemed for the majority of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where concentrations had increased to over 390 ppm (39%) higher up preindustrial levels (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
Renewable technologies are considered as make clean sources of energy and optimal employ of these resources decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustainable based on the current and future economic and social needs. Renewable energy technologies provide an infrequent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources (fossil fuel based) (Panwar, Kaushik, & Kothari, 2011).
3. Renewable free energy sources and technology
Renewable energy sources are energy sources from natural and persistent flow of free energy happening in our immediate environment. They include: bioenergy, straight solar free energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, wind and sea free energy (tide and wave).
iii.1. Hydropower
Hydropower is an essential energy source harnessed from water moving from college to lower elevation levels, primarily to turn turbines and generate electricity. Hydropower projects include Dam project with reservoirs, run-of-river and in-stream projects and cover a range in project scale. Hydropower technologies are technically mature and its projects exploit a resources that vary temporarily. The functioning of hydropower reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for case flood and drought command (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Rufangura, 2015), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The master energy is provided by gravity and the height the water falls downwardly on to the turbine. The potential free energy of the stored water is the mass of the h2o, the gravity cistron (g = nine.81 ms−2) and the head defined as the departure between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to some extent changes down when water is released and accordingly influences electricity production. Turbines are synthetic for an optional flow of h2o (Førsund, 2015). Hydropower discharges practically no particulate pollution, tin can upgrade quickly, and it is capable of storing energy for many hours (Hamann, 2015).
3.one.1. Hydropower source potential
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total capacity potential of 3,721 GW; just, currently the global installed capacity of hydropower is much less than it's potential. According to the Globe Energy Council Written report, near 50% of hydropower installed capacity is among 4 countries namely Cathay, Brazil, Canada and United states of america (World Free energy Quango, 2013). The resource potential of hydropower could be altered due to climate change. Globally, the alterations caused by climate change in the existing hydropower production system are estimated to be less than 0.ane%, even though additional enquiry is needed to lower the uncertainties of these project (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
3.1.2. Hydropower environmental and social impact
Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a green source of energy. Yet, it has its advantages and disadvantages. It improves the socio-economic development of a state; only, too considering the social impact, it displaces a lot of people from their homes to create it, though they are compensated but are not enough. The exploitation of the sites for hydropower such as, reservoirs that are ofttimes artificially created leading to flooding of the former natural environment. In addition, water is tuckered from lakes and watercourses and transported through channels over big distances and to pipelines and finally to the turbines that are oftentimes visible, merely they may also become through mountains by created tunnels inside them (Førsund, 2015). Hydroelectric structures affect river body'due south ecology, largely by inducing a change into its hydrologic characteristics and by disturbing the ecological continuity of sediment transport and fish migration through the building of dams, dikes and weirs (Edenhofer et al., 2011). In countries where substantial plants or tree covers are flooded during the construction of a dam, at that place may be formation of methane gas when plants start rotting in the h2o, either released straight or when water is processed in turbines (Førsund, 2015).
three.two. Bioenergy
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources. Bioenergy is an important source of energy, which can be used for ship using biodiesel, electricity generation, cooking and heating. Electricity from bioenergy attracts a big range of dissimilar sources, including woods by-products such as wood residues; agricultural residues such as sugar cane waste; and animate being husbandry residue such as cow dung. One advantage of biomass free energy-based electricity is that fuel is often a by-production, residual or waste production from the above sources. Significantly, it does not create a competition betwixt land for food and state for fuel (Urban & Mitchell, 2011). Presently, global production of biofuels is insufficiently low, merely continuously increasing (Ajanovic, 2011). The annual biodiesel consumption in the United States was fifteen billion litres in 2006. It has been growing at a rate of 30–l% per year to accomplish an annual target of 30 billion litres at the end of year 2012 (Ayoub & Abdullah, 2012).
3.ii.i. Bioenergy source potential
Biomass has a big potential, which meets the goal of reducing greenhouse gases and could insure fuel supply in the future. A lot of enquiry is being done in this expanse trying to quantify global biomass technology. According to Hoogwijk, Faaij, Eickhout, de Vries, and Turkenburg (2005) the theoretical potential of bioenergy at the total terrestrial surface is about 3,500 EJ/twelvemonth. The greater part of this potential is located in Due south America and Caribbean (47–221 EJ/year), sub-Saharan Africa (31–317 EJ/year) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S) and Baltic states (45–199 EJ/year). The yield of biomass and its potential varies from land to state, from medium yields in temperature to high level in sub tropic and tropic countries. With biomass, a lot of enquiry is focusing on an environmentally acceptable and sustainable source to mitigate climate change (Demirbas, Balat, & Balat, 2009).
3.two.ii. Bioenergy ecology and social impact
The use of biological components (plant and animal source) to produce free energy has always been a crusade of worry especially to the full general public and equally to whether its food produce are to exist used to provide fuel since there are cases of food assistance needed effectually the world in deprived countries. About 99.7% of human food is obtained from the terrestrial environment, while about 0.3% comes from the aquatic domain. Nearly of the suitable state for biomass production is already in apply (Ajanovic, 2011). Current studies take underlined both positive and negative environmental and socio-economic effects of bioenergy. Like orthodox agriculture and forestry systems, bioenergy tin can worsen soil and vegetation degradation related with the overexploitation of forest, too exhaustive crop and forest rest removal, and h2o overuse (Koh & Ghazoul, 2008; Robertson et al., 2008). Diversion of crops or land into bioenergy product tin can induce food commodity prices and nutrient security (Headey & Fan, 2008). Proper operational management, tin can bring about some positive effects which includes enhanced biodiversity (Baum, Leinweber, Weih, Lamersdorf, & Dimitriou, 2009; Schulz, Brauner, & Gruß, 2009), soil carbon increases and improved soil productivity (Baum, Weih, Busch, Kroiher, & Bolte, 2009; Edenhofer et al., 2011; Tilman, Hill, & Lehman, 2006).
3.3. Direct solar energy
The word "direct" solar energy refers to the energy base for those renewable free energy source technologies that describe on the Sun's energy straight. Some renewable technologies, such as current of air and ocean thermal, employ solar energy afterward it has been absorbed on the earth and converted to the other forms. Solar energy technology is obtained from solar irradiance to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016d) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to produce thermal energy, to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be used for transport and other purposes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). According to the World Free energy Quango (2013), "the total energy from solar radiation falling on the world was more than vii,500 times the Earth's total annual master free energy consumption of 450 EJ" (Urban & Mitchell, 2011).
iii.four. Geothermal energy
Geothermal free energy is obtained naturally from the earth'due south interior as estrus energy source. The origin of the estrus is linked with the internal structure of the planet and the physical processes occurring there. Although heat is present in the globe's crust in huge quantities, not to mention the deepest parts, it is unevenly distributed, rarely full-bodied, and often at depths too dandy to be exploited mechanically.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km. There are areas of the earth'southward interior which are accessible past drilling, and where the gradient is well above the average slope (Barbier, 2002). Heat is mined from geothermal reservoirs using wells and other means. Reservoirs that are naturally adequately hot and permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs, while reservoirs that are satisfactorily hot merely are improved with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (ESG). Once fatigued to the surface, fluids of various temperatures tin can be used to generate electricity and other purposes that require the use of oestrus energy (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
3.v. Wind energy
The emergence of wind as an of import source of the Earth's free energy has taken a commanding atomic number 82 among renewable sources. Air current exists everywhere in the globe, in some places with considerable energy density (Manwell, McGowan, & Rogers, 2010). Wind energy harnesses kinetic free energy from moving air. The chief application of the importance to climatic change mitigation is to produce electricity from large turbines located onshore (land) or offshore (in ocean or fresh water) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016e). Onshore current of air free energy technologies are already beingness manufactured and deployed on large scale (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Wind turbines convert the energy of wind into electricity.
3.6. Bounding main energy (tide and moving ridge)
Surface waves are created when wind passes over water (Bounding main). The faster the wind speed, the longer the wind is sustained, the greater distance the air current travels, the greater the wave pinnacle, and the greater the wave energy produced (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011). The body of water stores enough energy to meet the total worldwide need for power many times over in the form of waves, tide, currents and estrus. The year 2008 saw the beginning of the first generation of commercial Ocean energy devices, with the first units being installed in the UK-SeaGen and Portugal-Pelamis. At that place are presently four ways of obtaining free energy from sea areas, namely from Wind, Tides, Waves and Thermal differences between deep and shallow Sea water (Esteban & Leary, 2012).
4. Renewable free energy and sustainable development
Renewable energy has a direct human relationship with sustainable development through its touch on human being development and economic productivity (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016b). Renewable free energy sources provide opportunities in energy security, social and economic development, energy admission, climatic change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016g). Effigy 1 shows the opportunities of renewable free energy sources towards sustainable evolution.
A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation
Published online:
04 April 2016
Figure ane. Opportunities of renewable energy sources
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4.1. Energy security
The notion of energy security is mostly used, nevertheless there is no consensus on its precise interpretation. Yet, the concern in free energy security is based on the idea that in that location is a continuous supply of free energy which is critical for the running of an economy (Kruyt, van Vuuren, de Vries, & Groenenberg, 2009). Given the interdependence of economic growth and energy consumption, access to a stable energy supply is of importance to the political world and a technical and budgetary claiming for both developed and developing countries, considering prolonged interferences would generate serious economic and basic functionality difficulties for most societies (Edenhofer et al., 2011; Larsen et al., 2009). Renewable energy sources are evenly distributed around the globe as compared to fossils and in full general less traded on the market. Renewable energy reduces free energy imports and contribute diversification of the portfolio of supply options and reduce an economic system's vulnerability to price volatility and stand for opportunities to raise free energy security across the earth. The introduction of renewable free energy can also brand contribution to increasing the reliability of free energy services, to exist specific in areas that frequently suffer from insufficient filigree access. A diverse portfolio of energy sources together with good management and system design can help to heighten security (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
iv.2. Social and economic development
Generally, the energy sector has been perceived equally a fundamental to economic development with a potent correlation betwixt economic growth and expansion of energy consumption. Globally, per capita incomes are positively correlated with per capita energy utilisation and economic growth can exist identified as the most essential factor behind increasing free energy consumption in the last decades. It in turn creates employment; renewable energy study in 2008, proved that employment from renewable energy technologies was about two.3 meg jobs worldwide, which also has improved health, educational activity, gender equality and environmental condom (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
4.3. Energy access
The sustainable development goal seven (affordable and make clean free energy) seeks to ensure that energy is clean, affordable, available and accessible to all and this can be achieved with renewable energy source since they are by and large distributed across the world. Admission concerns need to be understood in a local context and in most countries in that location is an obvious difference betwixt electrification in the urban and rural areas, this is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian region (Brew-Hammond, 2010).
Distributed grids based on the renewable energy are generally more than competitive in rural areas with significant distances to the national grid and the low levels of rural electrification offer substantial openings for renewable free energy-based mini-grid systems to provide them with electricity access (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
4.four. Climate change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts
Renewable energy sources used in energy generation helps to reduce greenhouse gases which mitigates climate change, reduce environmental and health complications associated with pollutants from fossil fuel sources of free energy. The change in full GHG emissions in European Environmental Agency (EEA) countries for 1990–2012 and their GHG emissions per capita are depicted in Figures 2 and three. Effigy two shows that greenhouse gas emissions declined by 14% in 33 EEA countries between the years 1990–2012. Nevertheless, there was variation in individual member countries, while at that place was a decrease in GHG emissions in 22 EEA countries, there was an increase in 11 EEA countries. GHG emissions per capita declined by 22% between the years 1990–2012 in the EEA countries equally depicted in Effigy 3 (EEA, 2016).
A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability bug and climate change mitigation
Published online:
04 April 2016
Figure 2. Alter in total GHG emissions in EEA-33 countries (1990–2012) (EEA, 2016)
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A review of renewable free energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation
Published online:
04 April 2016
Figure 3. GHG emissions per capita in EEA-33 countries (EEA, 2016)
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Figure 4 shows United States carbon dioxide gas emissions from 1990–2013. Figure 2 shows an example of carbon dioxide emission levels being reduced from 1990–2013 in United States, a shift from mainly fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources (United States Ecology Protection Agency, 2014).
A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation
Published online:
04 April 2016
Figure iv. U.s. carbon dioxide gas emissions, 1990–2013 (United States Ecology Protection Agency, 2014)
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5. Challenges affecting renewable free energy sources
Renewable energy sources could become the major free energy supply option in depression-carbon free energy economies. Disruptive alterations in all energy systems are necessary for tapping widely available renewable Energy sources. Organizing the energy transition from non-sustainable to renewable energy is oftentimes described as the major claiming of the first one-half of the twenty-first century (Verbruggen et al., 2010). Effigy 5 shows the interconnection of factors affecting renewable energy supplies and sustainability. Information technology is evident from Figure 5 that a major bulwark towards the use of renewable energy source depends on a land'southward policy and policy instrument which in plough touch on the cost and technological innovations. In addition, technological innovations affect the cost of renewable free energy technologies which in turn leads to market failures and depression patronization of the renewable free energy engineering. In the calorie-free of this, an effective renewable energy policy should accept the interconnection of factors affecting renewable energy supplies and sustainability into consideration.
A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation
Published online:
04 April 2016
Figure five. Interconnection of factors affecting renewable energy supplies and sustainability, adapted from Edenhofer et al. (2011); Verbruggen et al. (2010)
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The post-obit are policy recommendations emanating from the written report that can help mitigate climate change and its impacts:
| • | All sectors and regions have the potential to contribute past investing in Renewable energy technologies and policies to assist reduce it. | ||||
| • | Reducing our carbon footprint through the changes in lifestyle and behaviour patterns can contribute a keen bargain to the mitigation of climate change. | ||||
| • | Inquiry into innovations and technologies that can reduce land utilise and also reduce accidents from renewable free energy sources and the risk of resources competition, for example in Bioenergy where food for consumption competing with energy production. | ||||
| • | Enhancing international cooperation and support for developing countries towards the expansion of infrastructure and upgrading engineering science for modern supply and sustainable energy services every bit a fashion of mitigating climatic change and its impacts. | ||||
6. Conclusion
Energy is a requirement in our everyday life every bit a way of improving homo development leading to economic growth and productivity. The return-to-renewables will help mitigate climate change is an excellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable future for generations to run across their free energy needs. Knowledge regarding the interrelations between sustainable development and renewable energy in particular is notwithstanding limited. The aim of the paper was to ascertain if renewable energy sources were sustainable and how a shift from fossil fuel-based free energy sources to renewable free energy sources would help reduce climate change and its impact. A qualitative research was employed by reviewing papers in the scope of the report. Even though, the complete lifecycle of renewable energy sources have no net emissions which volition help limit future global greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, the price, toll, political environment and market atmospheric condition have get barriers preventing developing, to the lowest degree developed and developed countries to fully use its potentials. In this mode, a creation of global opportunity through international cooperation that supports least developed and developing countries towards the accessibility of renewable energy, energy efficiency, make clean energy technology and research and free energy infrastructure investment will reduce the cost of renewable energy, eliminate barriers to energy efficiency (loftier discount charge per unit) and promote new potentials towards climate change mitigation.
The written report brought to calorie-free the opportunities associated with renewable energy sources; energy security, energy admission, social and economic development and climatic change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts. At that place are challenges that tend to hinder the sustainability of renewable energy sources and its ability to mitigate climatic change. These challenges are: marketplace failures, lack of data, access to raw materials for future renewable resources deployment, and most importantly our (humans) way of utilizing free energy in an inefficient style.
From the findings, the following suggestions are made that tin aid amend the concerns of renewable energy existence sustainable and also reduce the rate of the depletion of the ozone layer due to the emissions of GHG especially carbon dioxide (COtwo):
| • | Formulation of policies and discussions from all sectors towards the improvement of technologies in the renewable sector to sustain them. | ||||
| • | Changes in our use of free energy in a more efficient way as individuals, countries and the world as a whole. Efforts that aim at increasing the share of renewable energy and make clean fossil fuel technologies into global free energy portfolio will aid reduce climatic change and its impacts. Energy efficiency programmes should be introduced globally, which give revenue enhancement exemptions to firms who prove to provide free energy efficiency initiatives (energy-efficient homes), production design (energy-efficient equipment) and services (industrial combined heat and ability). Introducing the concept of usability, adaptability and accessibility into free energy-dependent product design is a way of promoting energy efficient behaviours. | ||||
| • | Increase research in these areas, and then that the fear of some renewables posing risks in the future is express. | ||||
| • | Improve instruction, sensation-raising and human institutional chapters on climatic change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early on alert. Developed countries should comprise decarbonization policies and strategies into the industry, energy, agricultural, woods, wellness, transport, water resources, building and other sectors that have potential of increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts in developing countries aimed at improving institutional training, strengthening institutions and improving chapters of research on climate modify volition increase awareness, promote adaptation and sustainable development. Least developed countries should develop and test tools and methods with a global support that direct policy and controlling for climate change mitigation, accommodation and early on warnings. Supporting a global dialogue through international cooperation and partnership with developed, developing and least developed countries volition promote the development, dissemination and transfer of environmentally friendly technologies, innovation and technology, access to science, and among others which will increase the mutual agreement towards combating climate change and its impacts. | ||||
If these suggestions are implemented, the sustainability of renewable energy resource would be addressed equally well equally the seventh and thirteenth goal of sustainable development which seeks to ensure admission to affordable, reliable, sustainable, modernistic energy for all and combat climate change and its touch.
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Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
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